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====== Networks, VPNs & Firewalls ======

This page collects knowledge about home networking, routers, VPNs, and firewall setups that appeared in the group.

===== WireGuard vs OpenVPN =====

WireGuard is frequently recommended as the default VPN choice:

  * **WireGuard**:
    * Very small codebase and modern cryptography.
    * Excellent performance and low latency.
    * Easy to configure: each peer has a private/public key pair and an allowed IP range.

  * **OpenVPN**:
    * Older, battle-tested.
    * Extremely flexible; supports many auth methods.
    * Typically more complex to configure and tune.

General pattern:

  * For your own infrastructure (home server, lab, family access): **prefer WireGuard**.
  * Use OpenVPN only where compatibility or policy demands it.

Example minimal WireGuard server configuration snippet:

<code>
[Interface]
Address = 10.0.0.1/24
ListenPort = 51820
PrivateKey = &lt;server_private_key&gt;

[Peer]
# laptop
PublicKey = &lt;laptop_public_key&gt;
AllowedIPs = 10.0.0.2/32
</code>

===== Home VPN Use Cases =====

Common scenarios discussed:

  * Remote access to home NAS or services.
  * Administering self-hosted applications on the LAN while away.
  * Exposing a **single client with fixed IP** through WireGuard for easier firewall rules.

Typical recommendation:

  * Have a **single WireGuard endpoint** on your router/home server.
  * Allow only the VPN subnet to reach your internal services (via firewall rules).
  * Use a dynamic DNS name if you don’t have a static public IP.

===== Routers & OPNsense =====

Advanced home users often move from ISP-provided routers to something more capable:

  * **OPNsense** (and pfSense) appear as common firewall/router OS choices:
    * Stateful firewall, NAT, traffic shaping, VPNs, VLANs, captive portals.
    * Run on small x86 hardware (fanless boxes, old PCs).

  * **MikroTik hEX and similar routers**:
    * Affordable and powerful small routers.
    * Require learning RouterOS concepts (interfaces, queues, bridges, firewall).

Key ideas:

  * Terminate **VPNs on the router or firewall**:
    * Gives full-network access via VPN.
    * Simplifies ACLs and per-subnet rules.

  * Use **VLANs** where possible:
    * Separate “trusted” LAN, guest Wi-Fi, IoT, and servers.
    * Apply stricter rules to IoT/guest segments.

===== Network Security Basics =====

Guiding principles evident from discussions:

  * Prefer **“default deny”**:
    * WAN → LAN: block everything except what is explicitly needed.
    * LAN → WAN: restrict sensitive servers if they do not need outgoing internet.

  * Avoid exposing raw admin interfaces:
    * Don’t port-forward SSH or databases directly from the internet.
    * Use VPN + SSH, or at least restrict allowed IPs strongly.

  * Log and monitor:
    * Enable firewall logging for dropped packets on WAN.
    * Use tools like `vnstat`, `nload` or router-integrated graphs to catch anomalies.

  * Keep configuration in version-controlled backups:
    * Export OPNsense/pfSense/MikroTik configs regularly.
    * Store them in a private Git repository.

A recurring theme is that **simpler network topologies are easier to secure**. Extra complexity must justify itself.